我想在一个集合中存储具有相似签名的函数来做这样的事情:

f(vector<Order>& orders, vector<Function>& functions) {
    foreach(process_orders in functions) process_orders(orders);
}

void GiveCoolOrdersToBob(Order);
void GiveStupidOrdersToJohn(Order);

typedef void (*Function)(Order);
vector<Function> functions;
functions.push_back(&GiveStupidOrdersToJohn);
functions.push_back(&GiveCoolOrdersToBob);

struct IOrderFunction {
    virtual void operator()(Order) = 0;
}

struct GiveCoolOrdersToBob : IOrderFunction {
    ...
}

struct GiveStupidOrdersToJohn : IOrderFunction {
    ...
}

vector<IOrderFunction*> functions;
functions.push_back(new GiveStupidOrdersToJohn());
functions.push_back(new GiveCoolOrdersToBob());

最佳答案

前提:
您提出的设计将有效，但使用常规函数指针将大大限制您可以注册的回调类型，尽管更强大，但基于从固定接口(interface)继承的方法更加冗长，并且需要客户端进行更多工作定义回调。
在这个答案中，我将首先展示一些如何使用 std::function 的示例。以此目的。这些例子几乎不言自明，展示了如何以及为什么使用 std::function与您概述的那种解决方案相比，带来了优势。
然而，一种基于 std::function 的幼稚方法也将有其自身的局限性，我将列出。这就是为什么我最终建议你看看 Boost.Signals2 :它是一个非常强大且易于使用的库。我将在本答案的末尾讨论 Boost.Signals2。希望了解基于 std::function 的简单设计first 将使您在以后更容易掌握信号和插槽的更复杂方面。

基于 std::function<> 的解决方案
让我们介绍几个简单的类，并为一些具体的例子做准备。在这里，一个 order是具有 id 的东西并包含多个 item s。每个item由 type 描述(为简单起见，这里可以是书或 DVD)和 name :

#include <vector>
#include <memory>
#include <string>

struct item // A very simple data structure for modeling order items
{
    enum type { book, dvd };

    item(type t, std::string const& s) : itemType(t), name(s) { }
    
    type itemType; // The type of the item

    std::string name; // The name of the item
};

struct order // An order has an ID and contains a certain number of items
{
    order(int id) : id(id) { }

    int get_id() const { return id; }
    
    std::vector<item> const& get_items() const { return items; }

    void add_item(item::type t, std::string const& n)
    { items.emplace_back(t, n); }

private:

    int id;
    std::vector<item> items;
};

#include <functional>

using order_ptr = std::shared_ptr<order>; // Just a useful type alias

class order_repository // Collects orders and registers processing callbacks
{

public:

    typedef std::function<void(std::vector<order_ptr>&)> order_callback;

    template<typename F>
    size_t register_callback(F&& f)
    { return callbacks.push_back(std::forward<F>(f)); }

    void place_order(order_ptr o)
    { orders.push_back(o); }

    void process_all_orders()
    { for (auto const& cb : callbacks) { cb(orders); } }

private:

    std::vector<order_callback> callbacks;
    std::vector<order_ptr> orders;
};

void generate_and_place_orders(order_repository& r)
{
    order_ptr o = std::make_shared<order>(42);
    o->add_item(item::book, "TC++PL, 4th Edition");
    r.place_order(o);

    o = std::make_shared<order>(1729);
    o->add_item(item::book, "TC++PL, 4th Edition");
    o->add_item(item::book, "C++ Concurrency in Action");
    r.place_order(o);

    o = std::make_shared<order>(24);
    o->add_item(item::dvd, "2001: A Space Odyssey");
    r.place_order(o);

    o = std::make_shared<order>(9271);
    o->add_item(item::dvd, "The Big Lebowski");
    o->add_item(item::book, "C++ Concurrency in Action");
    o->add_item(item::book, "TC++PL, 4th Edition");
    r.place_order(o);
}

void print_all_orders(std::vector<order_ptr>& orders)
{
    std::cout << "Printing all the orders:\n=========================\n";
    for (auto const& o : orders)
    {
        std::cout << "\torder #" << o->get_id() << ": " << std::endl;

        int cnt = 0;
        for (auto const& i : o->get_items())
        {
            std::cout << "\t\titem #" << ++cnt << ": ("
                      << ((i.itemType == item::book) ? "book" : "dvd")
                      << ", " << "\"" << i.name << "\")\n";
        }
    }

    std::cout << "=========================\n\n";
}

int main()
{
    order_repository r;
    generate_and_place_orders(r);

    // Register a regular function as a callback...
    r.register_callback(print_all_orders);

    // Process the order! (Will invoke all the registered callbacks)
    r.process_all_orders();
}

struct print_all_orders
{
    print_all_orders(bool detailed) : printDetails(detailed) { }
    
    void operator () (std::vector<order_ptr>& orders)
    {
        std::cout << "Printing all the orders:\n=========================\n";
        for (auto const& o : orders)
        {
            std::cout << "\torder #" << o->get_id();
            if (printDetails)
            {
                std::cout << ": " << std::endl;
                int cnt = 0;
                for (auto const& i : o->get_items())
                {
                    std::cout << "\t\titem #" << ++cnt << ": ("
                              << ((i.itemType == item::book) ? "book" : "dvd")
                              << ", " << "\"" << i.name << "\")\n";
                }
            }
            else { std::cout << std::endl; }
        }

        std::cout << "=========================\n\n";
    }
    
private:
    
    bool printDetails;
};

int main()
{
    using namespace std::placeholders;

    order_repository r;
    generate_and_place_orders(r);

    // Register one particular instance of our functor...
    r.register_callback(print_all_orders(false));

    // Register another instance of the same functor...
    r.register_callback(print_all_orders(true));

    r.process_all_orders();
}

#include <iostream>

struct person
{
   person(std::string n) : name(n) { }

   void receive_order(order_ptr spOrder)
   { std::cout << name << " received order " << spOrder->get_id() << std::endl; }

private:
    
   std::string name;
};

void give_all_orders_to(std::vector<order_ptr>& orders, person& p)
{
    std::cout << "Dispatching orders:\n=========================\n";
    for (auto const& o : orders) { p.receive_order(o); }
    orders.clear();
    std::cout << "=========================\n\n";
}

int main()
{
    using namespace std::placeholders;

    order_repository r;
    generate_and_place_orders(r);

    person alice("alice");

    r.register_callback(print_all_orders);

    // Register the result of binding a function's argument...
    r.register_callback(std::bind(give_all_orders_to, _1, std::ref(alice)));

    r.process_all_orders();
}

int main()
{
    order_repository r;
    generate_and_place_orders(r);

    person alice("alice");
    person bob("bob");

    r.register_callback(print_all_orders);
    r.register_callback([&] (std::vector<order_ptr>& orders)
    {
        for (auto const& o : orders)
        {
            if (o->get_items().size() < 2) { bob.receive_order(o); }
            else { alice.receive_order(o); }
        }

        orders.clear();
    });
    
    r.process_all_orders();
}

struct Hello
{
    void operator()() const
    {
        std::cout << "Hello";
    }
};

struct World
{
    void operator()() const
    {
        std::cout << ", World!" << std::endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    boost::signals2::signal<void ()> sig;

    sig.connect(Hello());
    sig.connect(World());

    sig();
}

关于c++ - 有没有一种惯用的方法来在 C++ 中创建一组委托(delegate)？，我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题： https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15483505/