我需要使用 pywin32 方法以不同的用户身份创建进程，然后从生成的进程中获取标准输出、标准错误和错误代码，并在进程运行时将输入馈送到进程中。问题是，我似乎无法为 createprocess 函数找到一个很好的例子。这个问题变得更加复杂，因为我需要以不同的用户身份运行子进程，然后获取 stderr、stdout、输入 stdin 并在完成时检索错误代码。
最佳答案
这里是 CreateProcess 函数族的 ctypes 定义。我编写它们是为了配合后续的 create_process 包装函数，该函数使用 CREATIONINFO 和 STARTUPINFO 实例来控制进程的创建和启动方式，包括使用哪个API。
我已经将它集成到 subprocess.Popen 的子类中，它应该在 Python 2 和 3 中都可以工作。Python 2 的用户会欣赏它是 Unicode，而不是使用的遗留 ANSI API通过 2.x 子进程。我还添加了创建暂停进程并稍后启动 的功能。当您需要在 Job 对象执行之前将流程添加到它时，这很有用。
CreateProcessAsUser 通常从在 SYSTEM 帐户下运行的服务调用，该帐户具有所需的权限 SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege。您可以在 Vista 及更高版本中将此进程创建类型与本地 S4U(用户服务)或 Kerberos S4U 登录 token 一起使用(请参阅 this question )，这类似于任务计划程序如何以用户身份执行计划任务而不存储密码。需要从具有 SeTcbPrivilege(受信任的计算机基础)的帐户(例如 SYSTEM)请求通过 LsaLogonUser 的 S4U 登录。否则 LsaLogonUser 将只返回一个不能用于创建进程的标识 token 。
如果当前用户没有SeAssignPrimaryTokenPrivilege，那么您可以调用CreateProcessWithTokenW，这需要SeImpersonatePrivilege。管理员应具有此权限。否则，您可以调用不需要任何权限的 CreateProcessWithLogonW。 token 和登录创建类型还提供了在系统注册表中自动加载用户配置文件的选项。
我在下面包含的示例使用登录创建类型来运行 whoami.exe。它将使用 stdout 作为管道挂起的进程创建；当你按下回车时启动它；从标准输出读取；并获取退出代码。
ctypes 定义
import os
import sys
import types
import ctypes
import subprocess
from ctypes import wintypes
from subprocess import PIPE
kernel32 = ctypes.WinDLL('kernel32', use_last_error=True)
advapi32 = ctypes.WinDLL('advapi32', use_last_error=True)
ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE = 0x0006
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = wintypes.HANDLE(-1).value
INVALID_DWORD_VALUE = wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
DEBUG_PROCESS = 0x00000001
DEBUG_ONLY_THIS_PROCESS = 0x00000002
CREATE_SUSPENDED = 0x00000004
DETACHED_PROCESS = 0x00000008
CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE = 0x00000010
CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP = 0x00000200
CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT = 0x00000400
CREATE_SEPARATE_WOW_VDM = 0x00000800
CREATE_SHARED_WOW_VDM = 0x00001000
INHERIT_PARENT_AFFINITY = 0x00010000
CREATE_PROTECTED_PROCESS = 0x00040000
EXTENDED_STARTUPINFO_PRESENT = 0x00080000
CREATE_BREAKAWAY_FROM_JOB = 0x01000000
CREATE_PRESERVE_CODE_AUTHZ_LEVEL = 0x02000000
CREATE_DEFAULT_ERROR_MODE = 0x04000000
CREATE_NO_WINDOW = 0x08000000
STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW = 0x00000001
STARTF_USESIZE = 0x00000002
STARTF_USEPOSITION = 0x00000004
STARTF_USECOUNTCHARS = 0x00000008
STARTF_USEFILLATTRIBUTE = 0x00000010
STARTF_RUNFULLSCREEN = 0x00000020
STARTF_FORCEONFEEDBACK = 0x00000040
STARTF_FORCEOFFFEEDBACK = 0x00000080
STARTF_USESTDHANDLES = 0x00000100
STARTF_USEHOTKEY = 0x00000200
STARTF_TITLEISLINKNAME = 0x00000800
STARTF_TITLEISAPPID = 0x00001000
STARTF_PREVENTPINNING = 0x00002000
SW_HIDE = 0
SW_SHOWNORMAL = 1
SW_SHOWMINIMIZED = 2
SW_SHOWMAXIMIZED = 3
SW_SHOWNOACTIVATE = 4
SW_SHOW = 5
SW_MINIMIZE = 6
SW_SHOWMINNOACTIVE = 7
SW_SHOWNA = 8
SW_RESTORE = 9
SW_SHOWDEFAULT = 10 # ~STARTUPINFO
SW_FORCEMINIMIZE = 11
LOGON_WITH_PROFILE = 0x00000001
LOGON_NETCREDENTIALS_ONLY = 0x00000002
STD_INPUT_HANDLE = wintypes.DWORD(-10).value
STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = wintypes.DWORD(-11).value
STD_ERROR_HANDLE = wintypes.DWORD(-12).value
class HANDLE(wintypes.HANDLE):
__slots__ = 'closed',
def __int__(self):
return self.value or 0
def Detach(self):
if not getattr(self, 'closed', False):
self.closed = True
value = int(self)
self.value = None
return value
raise ValueError("already closed")
def Close(self, CloseHandle=kernel32.CloseHandle):
if self and not getattr(self, 'closed', False):
CloseHandle(self.Detach())
__del__ = Close
def __repr__(self):
return "%s(%d)" % (self.__class__.__name__, int(self))
class PROCESS_INFORMATION(ctypes.Structure):
"""https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms684873"""
__slots__ = '_cached_hProcess', '_cached_hThread'
_fields_ = (('_hProcess', HANDLE),
('_hThread', HANDLE),
('dwProcessId', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwThreadId', wintypes.DWORD))
@property
def hProcess(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_cached_hProcess'):
self._cached_hProcess = self._hProcess
return self._cached_hProcess
@property
def hThread(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_cached_hThread'):
self._cached_hThread = self._hThread
return self._cached_hThread
def __del__(self):
try:
self.hProcess.Close()
finally:
self.hThread.Close()
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION = ctypes.POINTER(PROCESS_INFORMATION)
LPBYTE = ctypes.POINTER(wintypes.BYTE)
class STARTUPINFO(ctypes.Structure):
"""https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms686331"""
_fields_ = (('cb', wintypes.DWORD),
('lpReserved', wintypes.LPWSTR),
('lpDesktop', wintypes.LPWSTR),
('lpTitle', wintypes.LPWSTR),
('dwX', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwY', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwXSize', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwYSize', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwXCountChars', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwYCountChars', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwFillAttribute', wintypes.DWORD),
('dwFlags', wintypes.DWORD),
('wShowWindow', wintypes.WORD),
('cbReserved2', wintypes.WORD),
('lpReserved2', LPBYTE),
('hStdInput', wintypes.HANDLE),
('hStdOutput', wintypes.HANDLE),
('hStdError', wintypes.HANDLE))
def __init__(self, **kwds):
self.cb = ctypes.sizeof(self)
super(STARTUPINFO, self).__init__(**kwds)
class PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST(ctypes.Structure):
pass
PPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST = ctypes.POINTER(PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST)
class STARTUPINFOEX(STARTUPINFO):
_fields_ = (('lpAttributeList', PPROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_LIST),)
LPSTARTUPINFO = ctypes.POINTER(STARTUPINFO)
LPSTARTUPINFOEX = ctypes.POINTER(STARTUPINFOEX)
class SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = (('nLength', wintypes.DWORD),
('lpSecurityDescriptor', wintypes.LPVOID),
('bInheritHandle', wintypes.BOOL))
def __init__(self, **kwds):
self.nLength = ctypes.sizeof(self)
super(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, self).__init__(**kwds)
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES = ctypes.POINTER(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES)
class HANDLE_IHV(HANDLE):
pass
class DWORD_IDV(wintypes.DWORD):
pass
def _check_ihv(result, func, args):
if result.value == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE:
raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
return result.value
def _check_idv(result, func, args):
if result.value == INVALID_DWORD_VALUE:
raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
return result.value
def _check_bool(result, func, args):
if not result:
raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
return args
def WIN(func, restype, *argtypes):
func.restype = restype
func.argtypes = argtypes
if issubclass(restype, HANDLE_IHV):
func.errcheck = _check_ihv
elif issubclass(restype, DWORD_IDV):
func.errcheck = _check_idv
else:
func.errcheck = _check_bool
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms724211
WIN(kernel32.CloseHandle, wintypes.BOOL,
wintypes.HANDLE,) # _In_ HANDLE hObject
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms685086
WIN(kernel32.ResumeThread, DWORD_IDV,
wintypes.HANDLE,) # _In_ hThread
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682425
WIN(kernel32.CreateProcessW, wintypes.BOOL,
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpApplicationName
wintypes.LPWSTR, # _Inout_opt_ lpCommandLine
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, # _In_opt_ lpProcessAttributes
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, # _In_opt_ lpThreadAttributes
wintypes.BOOL, # _In_ bInheritHandles
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwCreationFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpEnvironment
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpCurrentDirectory
LPSTARTUPINFO, # _In_ lpStartupInfo
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION) # _Out_ lpProcessInformation
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682429
WIN(advapi32.CreateProcessAsUserW, wintypes.BOOL,
wintypes.HANDLE, # _In_opt_ hToken
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpApplicationName
wintypes.LPWSTR, # _Inout_opt_ lpCommandLine
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, # _In_opt_ lpProcessAttributes
LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, # _In_opt_ lpThreadAttributes
wintypes.BOOL, # _In_ bInheritHandles
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwCreationFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpEnvironment
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpCurrentDirectory
LPSTARTUPINFO, # _In_ lpStartupInfo
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION) # _Out_ lpProcessInformation
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682434
WIN(advapi32.CreateProcessWithTokenW, wintypes.BOOL,
wintypes.HANDLE, # _In_ hToken
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwLogonFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpApplicationName
wintypes.LPWSTR, # _Inout_opt_ lpCommandLine
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwCreationFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpEnvironment
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpCurrentDirectory
LPSTARTUPINFO, # _In_ lpStartupInfo
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION) # _Out_ lpProcessInformation
# https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms682431
WIN(advapi32.CreateProcessWithLogonW, wintypes.BOOL,
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_ lpUsername
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpDomain
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_ lpPassword
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwLogonFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpApplicationName
wintypes.LPWSTR, # _Inout_opt_ lpCommandLine
wintypes.DWORD, # _In_ dwCreationFlags
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpEnvironment
wintypes.LPCWSTR, # _In_opt_ lpCurrentDirectory
LPSTARTUPINFO, # _In_ lpStartupInfo
LPPROCESS_INFORMATION) # _Out_ lpProcessInformation
高级包装器
CREATION_TYPE_NORMAL = 0
CREATION_TYPE_LOGON = 1
CREATION_TYPE_TOKEN = 2
CREATION_TYPE_USER = 3
class CREATIONINFO(object):
__slots__ = ('dwCreationType',
'lpApplicationName', 'lpCommandLine', 'bUseShell',
'lpProcessAttributes', 'lpThreadAttributes', 'bInheritHandles',
'dwCreationFlags', 'lpEnvironment', 'lpCurrentDirectory',
'hToken', 'lpUsername', 'lpDomain', 'lpPassword', 'dwLogonFlags')
def __init__(self, dwCreationType=CREATION_TYPE_NORMAL,
lpApplicationName=None, lpCommandLine=None, bUseShell=False,
lpProcessAttributes=None, lpThreadAttributes=None,
bInheritHandles=False, dwCreationFlags=0, lpEnvironment=None,
lpCurrentDirectory=None, hToken=None, dwLogonFlags=0,
lpUsername=None, lpDomain=None, lpPassword=None):
self.dwCreationType = dwCreationType
self.lpApplicationName = lpApplicationName
self.lpCommandLine = lpCommandLine
self.bUseShell = bUseShell
self.lpProcessAttributes = lpProcessAttributes
self.lpThreadAttributes = lpThreadAttributes
self.bInheritHandles = bInheritHandles
self.dwCreationFlags = dwCreationFlags
self.lpEnvironment = lpEnvironment
self.lpCurrentDirectory = lpCurrentDirectory
self.hToken = hToken
self.lpUsername = lpUsername
self.lpDomain = lpDomain
self.lpPassword = lpPassword
self.dwLogonFlags = dwLogonFlags
def create_environment(environ):
if environ is not None:
items = ['%s=%s' % (k, environ[k]) for k in sorted(environ)]
buf = '\x00'.join(items)
length = len(buf) + 2 if buf else 1
return ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(buf, length)
def create_process(commandline=None, creationinfo=None, startupinfo=None):
if creationinfo is None:
creationinfo = CREATIONINFO()
if startupinfo is None:
startupinfo = STARTUPINFO()
elif isinstance(startupinfo, subprocess.STARTUPINFO):
startupinfo = STARTUPINFO(dwFlags=startupinfo.dwFlags,
hStdInput=startupinfo.hStdInput,
hStdOutput=startupinfo.hStdOutput,
hStdError=startupinfo.hStdError,
wShowWindow=startupinfo.wShowWindow)
si, ci, pi = startupinfo, creationinfo, PROCESS_INFORMATION()
if commandline is None:
commandline = ci.lpCommandLine
if commandline is not None:
if ci.bUseShell:
si.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
si.wShowWindow = SW_HIDE
comspec = os.environ.get("ComSpec", os.path.join(
os.environ["SystemRoot"], "System32", "cmd.exe"))
commandline = '"{}" /c "{}"'.format(comspec, commandline)
commandline = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(commandline)
dwCreationFlags = ci.dwCreationFlags | CREATE_UNICODE_ENVIRONMENT
lpEnvironment = create_environment(ci.lpEnvironment)
if (dwCreationFlags & DETACHED_PROCESS and
((dwCreationFlags & CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE) or
(ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_LOGON) or
(ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_TOKEN))):
raise RuntimeError('DETACHED_PROCESS is incompatible with '
'CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, which is implied for '
'the logon and token creation types')
if ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_NORMAL:
kernel32.CreateProcessW(
ci.lpApplicationName, commandline,
ci.lpProcessAttributes, ci.lpThreadAttributes, ci.bInheritHandles,
dwCreationFlags, lpEnvironment, ci.lpCurrentDirectory,
ctypes.byref(si), ctypes.byref(pi))
elif ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_LOGON:
advapi32.CreateProcessWithLogonW(
ci.lpUsername, ci.lpDomain, ci.lpPassword, ci.dwLogonFlags,
ci.lpApplicationName, commandline,
dwCreationFlags, lpEnvironment, ci.lpCurrentDirectory,
ctypes.byref(si), ctypes.byref(pi))
elif ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_TOKEN:
advapi32.CreateProcessWithTokenW(
ci.hToken, ci.dwLogonFlags,
ci.lpApplicationName, commandline,
dwCreationFlags, lpEnvironment, ci.lpCurrentDirectory,
ctypes.byref(si), ctypes.byref(pi))
elif ci.dwCreationType == CREATION_TYPE_USER:
advapi32.CreateProcessAsUserW(
ci.hToken,
ci.lpApplicationName, commandline,
ci.lpProcessAttributes, ci.lpThreadAttributes, ci.bInheritHandles,
dwCreationFlags, lpEnvironment, ci.lpCurrentDirectory,
ctypes.byref(si), ctypes.byref(pi))
else:
raise ValueError('invalid process creation type')
return pi
扩展 subprocess.Popen
class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwds):
ci = self._creationinfo = kwds.pop('creationinfo', CREATIONINFO())
if kwds.pop('suspended', False):
ci.dwCreationFlags |= CREATE_SUSPENDED
self._child_started = False
super(Popen, self).__init__(*args, **kwds)
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
cwd, env, universal_newlines, startupinfo,
creationflags, shell, to_close, p2cread, p2cwrite,
c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite):
"""Execute program (MS Windows version)"""
commandline = (args if isinstance(args, types.StringTypes) else
subprocess.list2cmdline(args))
self._common_execute_child(executable, commandline, shell,
close_fds, creationflags, env, cwd,
startupinfo, p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite, to_close)
else:
def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags,
shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread,
errwrite, restore_signals, start_new_session):
"""Execute program (MS Windows version)"""
assert not pass_fds, "pass_fds not supported on Windows."
commandline = (args if isinstance(args, str) else
subprocess.list2cmdline(args))
self._common_execute_child(executable, commandline, shell,
close_fds, creationflags, env, cwd,
startupinfo, p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite)
def _common_execute_child(self, executable, commandline, shell,
close_fds, creationflags, env, cwd,
startupinfo, p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite,
to_close=()):
ci = self._creationinfo
if executable is not None:
ci.lpApplicationName = executable
if commandline:
ci.lpCommandLine = commandline
if shell:
ci.bUseShell = shell
if not close_fds:
ci.bInheritHandles = int(not close_fds)
if creationflags:
ci.dwCreationFlags |= creationflags
if env is not None:
ci.lpEnvironment = env
if cwd is not None:
ci.lpCurrentDirectory = cwd
if startupinfo is None:
startupinfo = STARTUPINFO()
si = self._startupinfo = startupinfo
default = None if sys.version_info[0] == 2 else -1
if default not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite):
si.dwFlags |= STARTF_USESTDHANDLES
si.hStdInput = int( p2cread)
si.hStdOutput = int(c2pwrite)
si.hStdError = int(errwrite)
try:
pi = create_process(creationinfo=ci, startupinfo=si)
finally:
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
if p2cread is not None:
p2cread.Close()
to_close.remove(p2cread)
if c2pwrite is not None:
c2pwrite.Close()
to_close.remove(c2pwrite)
if errwrite is not None:
errwrite.Close()
to_close.remove(errwrite)
else:
if p2cread != -1:
p2cread.Close()
if c2pwrite != -1:
c2pwrite.Close()
if errwrite != -1:
errwrite.Close()
if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
os.close(self._devnull)
if not ci.dwCreationFlags & CREATE_SUSPENDED:
self._child_started = True
# Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle
# if it's no longer needed.
self._processinfo = pi
self._handle = pi.hProcess.Detach()
self.pid = pi.dwProcessId
if self._child_started:
pi.hThread.Close()
def start(self):
if self._child_started:
raise RuntimeError("processes can only be started once")
hThread = self._processinfo.hThread
prev_count = kernel32.ResumeThread(hThread)
if prev_count > 1:
for i in range(1, prev_count):
if kernel32.ResumeThread(hThread) <= 1:
break
else:
raise RuntimeError('cannot start the main thread')
# The thread's previous suspend count was 0 or 1,
# so it should be running now.
self._child_started = True
hThread.Close()
def __del__(self):
if not self._child_started:
try:
if hasattr(self, '_processinfo'):
self._processinfo.hThread.Close()
finally:
if hasattr(self, '_handle'):
self.terminate()
super(Popen, self).__del__()
示例
if __name__ == '__main__':
if sys.version_info[0] == 2:
input = raw_input
cmd = 'whoami.exe'
ci = CREATIONINFO(CREATION_TYPE_LOGON,
lpUsername='test',
lpPassword='password')
p = Popen(cmd, suspended=True, creationinfo=ci,
stdout=PIPE, universal_newlines=True)
print('Process Id: %d' % p.pid)
print('Thread Id: %d' % p._processinfo.dwThreadId)
assert not p._child_started
input('Press enter to start')
p.start()
assert p._child_started
print('\nOutput:')
print(p.stdout.read())
print('Exit Code: %d' % p.wait())
输出
Process Id: 6104
Thread Id: 1492
Press enter to start
Output:
domain\test
Exit Code: 0
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我正在尝试使用ruby和Savon来使用网络服务。测试服务为http://www.webservicex.net/WS/WSDetails.aspx?WSID=9&CATID=2require'rubygems'require'savon'client=Savon::Client.new"http://www.webservicex.net/stockquote.asmx?WSDL"client.get_quotedo|soap|soap.body={:symbol=>"AAPL"}end返回SOAP异常。检查soap信封，在我看来soap请求没有正确的命名空间。任何人都可以建议我
关闭。这个问题是opinion-based.它目前不接受答案。想要改进这个问题？更新问题，以便editingthispost可以用事实和引用来回答它.关闭4年前。Improvethisquestion我想在固定时间创建一系列低音和高音调的哔哔声。例如:在150毫秒时发出高音调的蜂鸣声在151毫秒时发出低音调的蜂鸣声200毫秒时发出低音调的蜂鸣声250毫秒的高音调蜂鸣声有没有办法在Ruby或Python中做到这一点？我真的不在乎输出编码是什么(.wav、.mp3、.ogg等等)，但我确实想创建一个输出文件。
我在我的项目目录中完成了compasscreate.和compassinitrails。几个问题:我已将我的.sass文件放在public/stylesheets中。这是放置它们的正确位置吗？当我运行compasswatch时，它不会自动编译这些.sass文件。我必须手动指定文件:compasswatchpublic/stylesheets/myfile.sass等。如何让它自动运行？文件ie.css、print.css和screen.css已放在stylesheets/compiled。如何在编译后不让它们重新出现的情况下删除它们？我自己编译的.sass文件编译成compiled/t
我想将html转换为纯文本。不过，我不想只删除标签，我想智能地保留尽可能多的格式。为插入换行符标签，检测段落并格式化它们等。输入非常简单，通常是格式良好的html(不是整个文档，只是一堆内容，通常没有anchor或图像)。我可以将几个正则表达式放在一起，让我达到80%，但我认为可能有一些现有的解决方案更智能。 最佳答案 首先，不要尝试为此使用正则表达式。很有可能你会想出一个脆弱/脆弱的解决方案，它会随着HTML的变化而崩溃，或者很难管理和维护。您可以使用Nokogiri快速解析HTML并提取文本:require'nokogiri'h
我想为Heroku构建一个Rails3应用程序。他们使用Postgres作为他们的数据库，所以我通过MacPorts安装了postgres9.0。现在我需要一个postgresgem并且共识是出于性能原因你想要pggem。但是我对我得到的错误感到非常困惑当我尝试在rvm下通过geminstall安装pg时。我已经非常明确地指定了所有postgres目录的位置可以找到但仍然无法完成安装:$envARCHFLAGS='-archx86_64'geminstallpg--\--with-pg-config=/opt/local/var/db/postgresql90/defaultdb/po